Tarjetas verdes por procesos EB-2 y EB-3: Lo que los empleados de las empresas deben entender
Shirin Navabi • June 26, 2025
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Como bufete de abogados de inmigración, asistimos regularmente a profesionales altamente cualificados que trabajan en Estados Unidos con visados de trabajo temporales como el H-1B y que buscan una vía hacia la residencia permanente. Para muchas de estas personas, las categorías EB-2 y EB-3 de tarjetas de residencia basadas en el empleo son las rutas más buscadas -y a menudo malinterpretadas-. Si bien ambas son vías viables para la residencia permanente, difieren de manera significativa que puede afectar significativamente el tiempo, la elegibilidad, y la estrategia general de su caso.
La categoría EB-2 está destinada a personas que posean un título superior o demuestren una capacidad excepcional en su campo. La mayoría de los solicitantes cumplen los requisitos si poseen un título de máster (o superior), o una licenciatura acompañada de al menos cinco años de experiencia progresiva en su profesión. También existe una subcategoría dentro de la EB-2 conocida como Exención por Interés Nacional (NIW por sus siglas en inglés), que permite a las personas cualificadas presentar su propia solicitud sin el patrocinio del empleador si su trabajo beneficia sustancialmente a Estados Unidos. Esta vía es especialmente relevante para investigadores, empresarios y profesionales en campos de alto interés nacional o de misión crítica.
Por el contrario, la categoría EB-3 incluye a profesionales con una licenciatura, así como a trabajadores cualificados con al menos dos años de formación o experiencia. Aunque el umbral educativo para la EB-3 pueda parecer menos riguroso, el proceso en sí está igualmente estructurado. Una distinción clave entre EB-2 y EB-3 radica en los requisitos del puesto de trabajo que se ofrece, no sólo en las propias credenciales del solicitante. Por ejemplo, si un puesto sólo requiere una licenciatura, incluso un candidato altamente cualificado con un máster puede entrar en el ámbito de aplicación de la EB-3.
Independientemente de la categoría que se aplique, la mayoría de los casos de permiso de residencia por motivos laborales comienzan con el proceso de certificación laboral PERM. Se trata de un procedimiento formal supervisado por el Departamento de Trabajo de Estados Unidos, en el que el empleador debe analizar el mercado laboral y demostrar que no hay trabajadores estadounidenses capaces, dispuestos, cualificados y disponibles para el puesto. El empresario también debe comprometerse a pagar el salario vigente determinado por el Departamento de Trabajo. Este paso es obligatorio y muy sensible a los detalles; las imprecisiones en la descripción del puesto, los pasos de contratación o la determinación del salario pueden provocar retrasos importantes o incluso denegaciones.
Una vez aprobada la certificación PERM, el empleador presenta el formulario I-140, la Petición de Inmigrante para Trabajador Extranjero. Esta petición confirma que el empleado cumple los requisitos para el puesto ofrecido, ya sea EB-2 o EB-3, y que el empleador es financieramente capaz de proporcionar el trabajo como se describe. Si la fecha de prioridad del empleado -que se basa en la fecha en que se presentó el PERM- es actual según el Boletín de Visados del Departamento de Estado, la persona puede presentar el Formulario I-485
para ajustar su estatus a residente legal permanente.
Uno de los aspectos más matizados de este proceso consiste en comprender cómo afectan al calendario las fechas de prioridad y los retrasos en la tramitación de visados. Para los solicitantes procedentes de países con gran demanda, como India o China, es habitual que se produzcan retrasos significativos, sobre todo en la categoría EB-2. Paradójicamente, hay ocasiones en las que la categoría EB-3 avanza más rápido, lo que lleva a algunos solicitantes a presentar un segundo I-140 bajo EB-3 manteniendo la fecha de prioridad original. Esta estrategia puede ser eficaz, pero requiere una cuidadosa planificación legal para garantizar que se hace correctamente.
En última instancia, la elección entre EB-2 y EB-3 tiene otro factor estratégico que es la portabilidad. Si su solicitud I-485 ha estado pendiente durante al menos 180 días y su I-140 ha sido aprobado, usted puede ser elegible para cambiar de empleador bajo las disposiciones de portabilidad AC21, siempre y cuando el nuevo trabajo sea en la misma clasificación ocupacional o similar. Esta flexibilidad puede ser fundamental para los empleados que experimentan cambios de trabajo o ascensos.
No se trata de prestigio, sino de adecuar sus cualificaciones, los requisitos del puesto y su historial de inmigración a las normas legales vigentes y a las condiciones del mercado. La estrategia adecuada depende no solo de tu formación y experiencia, sino también de tus objetivos profesionales a largo plazo y de tu país de origen.
En nuestro bufete, trabajamos estrechamente con empleadores y empleados para desarrollar estrategias de inmigración individualizadas que agilicen el proceso y eviten contratiempos innecesarios. Si usted es un profesional corporativo evaluando sus opciones de tarjeta verde o un empleador que se prepara para patrocinar a un miembro clave del equipo, ofrecemos la visión y la experiencia para avanzar en su caso con confianza.
Este blog no pretende ser una asesoría legal y nada aquí debe interpretarse como el establecimiento de una relación abogado-cliente. Programe una consulta con un abogado de inmigración antes de actuar sobre cualquier información que aquí lea.
As an immigration law firm, we regularly assist highly skilled professionals working in the U.S. on temporary work visas such as H-1B who are seeking a path to permanent residency. For many of these individuals, the EB-2 and EB-3 employment-based green card categories are the most pursued—and frequently misunderstood—routes . While both are viable pathways to permanent residency, they differ in meaningful ways that can significantly impact the timing, eligibility, and overall strategy of your case. The EB-2 category is intended for individuals who either hold an advanced degree or demonstrate exceptional ability in their field . Most applicants qualify by having a master’s degree (or higher), or a bachelor’s degree accompanied by at least five years of progressive experience in their profession. There is also a subcategory within EB-2 known as the National Interest Waiver (NIW), which allows qualified individuals to self-petition without employer sponsorship if their work substantially benefits the United States. This route is especially relevant for researchers, entrepreneurs, and professionals in high national interest or mission-critical fields. In contrast, the EB-3 category includes professionals with a bachelor’s degree as well as skilled workers with at least two years of training or experience . While the educational threshold for EB-3 may appear less rigorous, the process itself is equally structured. One key distinction between EB-2 and EB-3 lies in the requirements of the job being offered, not just the applicant’s own credentials. For example, if a position requires only a bachelor’s degree, even a highly qualified candidate with a master’s degree may still fall under EB-3. Regardless of which category applies, most employment-based green card cases begin with the PERM labor certification process . This is a formal procedure overseen by the U.S. Department of Labor, in which the employer must test the labor market and demonstrate that there are no able, willing, qualified, and available U.S. workers for the position. The employer must also agree to pay the prevailing wage as determined by the Department of Labor. This step is both mandatory and highly detail-sensitive; inaccuracies in the job description, recruitment steps, or wage determination can lead to significant delays or even denials. Once PERM certification is approved, the employer files Form I-140 , the Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker. This petition confirms that the employee meets the requirements for the offered position under either EB-2 or EB-3, and that the employer is financially capable of providing the job as described. If the employee’s priority date—which is based on the date the PERM was filed—is current according to the Department of State’s Visa Bulletin, the individual may then file Form I-485 to adjust their status to lawful permanent resident. One of the more nuanced aspects of this process involves understanding how priority dates and visa backlogs affect the timeline. For applicants from countries with high demand, such as India or China, significant delays are common—particularly under EB-2. Paradoxically, there are times when the EB-3 category moves faster, prompting some applicants to file a second I-140 under EB-3 while retaining the original priority date. This strategy can be effective but requires careful legal planning to ensure it’s done correctly. Another strategic factor is portability. If your I-485 application has been pending for at least 180 days and your I-140 has been approved, you may be eligible to change employers under the AC21 portability provisions, so long as the new job is in the same or a similar occupational classification. This flexibility can be critical for employees who experience job changes or promotions during the often lengthy green card process. Ultimately, the choice between EB-2 and EB-3 isn’t about prestige —it’s about aligning your qualifications, the job requirements, and your immigration history with current legal standards and market conditions. The right strategy depends not only on your education and experience, but also on your long-term career goals and country of origin. At our firm, we work closely with both employers and employees to develop individualized immigration strategies that streamline the process and avoid unnecessary setbacks. Whether you're a corporate professional evaluating your green card options or an employer preparing to sponsor a key team member, we offer the insight and experience to move your case forward with confidence.
If you've made it to the United States as a culinary professional—perhaps on an O-1B visa that recognizes your extraordinary talent, or a P-3 visa for sharing your rich culinary heritage—congratulations! You’ve already proven yourself as a standout in your craft. But what if we told you that your journey doesn’t have to end when your temporary visa does? In fact, your current status could be the perfect stepping stone to something much more lasting: a green card through the EB-1A category. The EB-1A visa is a first-preference employment-based immigrant visa, designed for individuals with “ extraordinary ability ” in fields such as the arts, sciences, education, business, or athletics. And yes—culinary arts absolutely count. The key is demonstrating that your skills have risen to the very top of your field. If you've already gone through the O-1 or P-3 process, you're likely well on your way . Here’s the good news: much of the evidence used to obtain your O-1B or P-3 visa can be repurposed for your EB-1A petition . Awards, press features, expert testimonials, and proof of your work in prestigious kitchens or at cultural events—they're all valuable again. But what’s even more exciting is that everything you’ve accomplished while in the U.S. on your temporary visa—whether launching a signature tasting menu, starring in a food documentary, or leading culinary workshops—can now be used to further strengthen your case. According to USCIS, EB-1A applicants must meet at least three of ten criteria unless they’ve received a major internationally recognized award. These criteria include things like published material about your work, original contributions of major significance, high salary, and a critical role in distinguished organizations. For many chefs, especially those who’ve thrived in the U.S. hospitality scene, it’s absolutely achievable with the right guidance. What sets the EB-1A apart is that it does not require an employer sponsor . That’s right—you can self-petition! This means your culinary career can be as flexible and entrepreneurial as you want it to be, whether that means opening your own restaurant, expanding into media, or continuing to cook your way into America’s heart. Even better? It can be one of the fastest paths to a green card available. With premium processing, your I-140 petition can be adjudicated within just 15 business days. And if your country’s EB-1 visa category is current on the visa bulletin at the time of approval, you may be eligible to file your green card application immediately. This combination of speed, autonomy, and flexibility makes EB-1A an incredibly attractive next step in your immigration journey. At Santos Lloyd Law Firm, we love helping creative professionals take their next big step. If you’ve already wowed the world with your cuisine, the EB-1A may be your opportunity to stay and make your mark for good. Contact us today to find out if the EB-1A is the next right step for you!
The United States has long been a destination for the world’s most talented athletes—not only to compete at the highest level, but to access world-class training, coaching opportunities, and long-term career prospects. Whether on the field, in the ring, or across the chessboard, athletes from across the globe are finding immigration pathways that allow them to pursue their athletic and professional goals in the U.S. U.S. immigration law offers several visa and green card options designed specifically for individuals with extraordinary athletic talent. These include the P-1A visa for internationally recognized athletes, the O-1A visa for individuals of extraordinary ability, and the EB-1A immigrant petition, which can lead to permanent residency and ultimately, U.S. citizenship. The P-1A visa is commonly used by professional athletes coming to the U.S. to compete in a specific event or season. This applies not only to individual athletes but also to members of teams or clubs recognized internationally. It is widely used by soccer players, basketball players, MMA fighters, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu competitors, and even elite chess players. Athletes must demonstrate a high level of international recognition and a record of performance in their sport. The O-1A visa is a strong option for coaches who demonstrate extraordinary ability, typically evidenced by championship titles, sustained winning records, or recognition as integral to their team’s success. To qualify, a coach must establish that their expertise places them among the small percentage of top professionals in their field. For athletes seeking permanent status in the U.S., the EB-1A immigrant petition —often referred to as the “extraordinary ability green card”—provides a direct path to lawful permanent residency. It requires clear documentation that the individual is among the very best in their sport and has achieved sustained national or international success. Unlike other green card categories, the EB-1A does not require employer sponsorship and can be self-petitioned. This has become a common path for MMA world champions, BJJ black belt medalists, Olympic athletes, and chess grandmasters—many of whom now represent the U.S. at the highest levels of international competition. It’s important to note that U.S. immigration law defines “athlete” broadly. Whether you are a professional football player in Europe, a sprinter from the Caribbean, a judoka, a gymnast, or a grandmaster in chess, your achievements may qualify under these categories if they are properly documented and presented. The key is a consistent record of excellence and recognition in your sport on a national or international scale. Our office specializes in these types of immigration matters. Whether you are an individual athlete looking to relocate or an organization seeking to bring international talent to your roster, we offer tailored legal strategies to support your goals. If you are exploring options to compete, train, or build your future in the U.S., we’re here to help you take the next step.
