En busca de seguridad: el asilo como derecho humano universal

Kathya Dawe • April 3, 2026

 Click here to read this article in English


En 1948, el mundo se unió para declarar que ciertos derechos son inherentes a todo ser humano, independientemente de su nacionalidad. El principal de ellos es el derecho a la seguridad.


El derecho universal a buscar seguridad


La Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos (UDHR por sus siglas en inglés), concretamente en su artículo 14, garantiza que «toda persona tiene derecho a buscar y disfrutar de asilo en otros países para protegerse de la persecución». No se trata simplemente de una política, sino de una garantía de derechos humanos. Reconoce que, cuando un Estado no protege a sus ciudadanos, la comunidad internacional tiene la obligación moral y jurídica de proporcionarles un refugio.


¿Qué es el asilo?


El asilo es una forma de protección que se concede a las personas que ya se encuentran en Estados Unidos o en un punto de entrada y que cumplen la definición de refugiado.

Para poder optar a él, debe demostrar que ha sufrido persecución en el pasado o que tiene un temor fundado de sufrir persecución en el futuro en su país de origen, basándose en uno de los cinco motivos protegidos:


  1. Raza
  2. Religión
  3. Nacionalidad
  4. Pertenencia a un grupo social concreto
  5. Opinión política


El sistema de asilo moderno se basa en la Convención de 1951 de las Naciones Unidas y en el Protocolo de 1967 sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados. Estados Unidos incorporó formalmente estas normas internacionales a su legislación nacional mediante la Ley de Refugiados de 1980. En virtud de esta ley, una persona debe encontrarse físicamente en Estados Unidos para presentar una solicitud, independientemente de cómo haya llegado al país.


Requisitos fundamentales para los solicitantes de asilo


Aunque el derecho a solicitar asilo es universal, el proceso para obtenerlo está estrictamente regulado. No basta con llegar; la carga de la prueba recae en el solicitante.


  • El plazo de un año: debe presentar el formulario I-589 (Solicitud de asilo y de suspensión de la expulsión) en el plazo de un año desde su llegada más reciente a los Estados Unidos.
  • Las pruebas son fundamentales: debe reunir documentos y pruebas que justifiquen su temor. Entre ellos pueden figurar informes policiales, historiales médicos, artículos de prensa sobre su país o declaraciones juradas personales.
  • Causas de denegación del asilo: No todo el mundo cumple los requisitos. Se te puede denegar el asilo si:
  • Haber ordenado, incitado o participado en la persecución de otras personas.
  • Suponer un peligro para la seguridad de Estados Unidos.
  • Haber sido condenado por un «delito especialmente grave».
  • Estar firmemente establecido en otro país antes de llegar a Estados Unidos.
  • Haber sido deportado anteriormente y haber vuelto a entrar en Estados Unidos.

La realidad del proceso (2025-2026)


Hoy en día, para desenvolverse en el sistema se necesita paciencia y preparación. A principios de 2026, el sistema se enfrenta a importantes retrasos.


  • Estadísticas: Los datos recientes muestran un fuerte descenso en las tasas de concesión. En agosto de 2025, la tasa de concesión de asilo en los tribunales de inmigración era de aproximadamente el 19,2 %, frente al casi 38 % del año anterior. Sin embargo, las tasas de éxito son significativamente más altas para quienes cuentan con representación legal.
  • Plazos: El proceso es muy impredecible. Aunque el USCIS tiene como objetivo resolver los casos positivos en un plazo de 180 días, muchos solicitantes deben esperar años para una entrevista o una vista judicial debido a los millones de casos actualmente pendientes.
  • Representación legal: Este sigue siendo el factor más importante.  Los datos históricos y las tendencias de 2025 confirman que los solicitantes que cuentan con abogados tienen aproximadamente tres veces más probabilidades de obtener la protección que aquellos que se representan a sí mismos (pro se).



Las leyes de inmigración son complejas y están sujetas a cambios frecuentes. Si tiene alguna duda o está pensando en solicitar asilo, le invitamos a concertar una consulta con uno de nuestros abogados expertos, que estará encantado de ayudarle a abordar su situación particular.

Este blog no pretende ser una asesoría legal y nada aquí debe interpretarse como el establecimiento de una relación abogado-cliente. Programe una consulta con un abogado de inmigración antes de actuar sobre cualquier información que aquí lea.

Kathya Dawe


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