Plan B : Autres voies d'accès à l'emploi aux États-Unis pour les étudiants étrangers F-1 si la sélection pour le plafond H-1B n'est pas atteinte

Flavia Santos • April 11, 2024

Click here to read this article in English

Cet article date de l'année 2023. 

      Les étudiants internationaux titulaires d'un visa F-1 qui n'ont pas été sélectionnés dans le cadre de la loterie H-1B sont confrontés à une situation difficile, mais il existe encore d'autres options d'immigration. Ces options peuvent nécessiter plus d'efforts et de planification, mais elles peuvent en fin de compte aboutir au même objectif, à savoir l'obtention d'un visa de travail aux États-Unis.

Évaluer le temps restant

Il est impératif que les personnes qui participent actuellement au programme OPT (Optional Practical Training) évaluent le temps qu'il leur reste avant son expiration. La date d'expiration de l'OPT peut affecter de manière significative l'éligibilité d'une personne à continuer à résider aux États-Unis, en particulier si elle a l'intention de s'inscrire à la loterie des visas H-1B en 2024. Par exemple, en cas de sélection à la loterie et d'expiration de l'OPT le 1er avril 2024 ou après cette date, la personne aurait droit à l'extension H-1B Cap-Gap, ce qui lui permettrait de conserver son statut OPT jusqu'à ce que le visa H-1B devienne effectif. Toutefois, si la période de validité de l'OPT expire avant le 1er avril 2024, la personne devra quitter les États-Unis dans les 60 jours suivant la date d'expiration de l'OPT. Le tableau ci-dessous illustre ce scénario. 

Préparer la rentrée scolaire

Pour les étudiants à la recherche d'un emploi aux États-Unis, s'inscrire à un programme universitaire qui propose une formation pratique au jour 1 (CPT) est une autre option viable. Les étudiants peuvent ainsi commencer à travailler immédiatement, tout en poursuivant leurs études. En outre, les étudiants qui ont déjà obtenu une offre d'emploi peuvent être en mesure de travailler dans le cadre d'un CPT en attendant le résultat de leur pétition H-1B dans le cadre du plafond annuel. Pour profiter pleinement de cette période prolongée, il serait judicieux de s'inscrire à la loterie du plafond H-1B avant l'expiration de la période OPT.


Envisagez le visa L-1 si vous travaillez pour une multinationale

En tant qu'option viable pour les professionnels à la recherche d'un emploi à long terme aux États-Unis, travailler pour une multinationale à l'étranger pendant un an, puis être transféré à l'intérieur de l'entreprise au moyen d'un visa L-1, peut offrir de nombreux avantages stratégiques. Le visa L-1, conçu spécifiquement pour ce type de transfert, permet aux employés de sociétés multinationales de rejoindre une filiale, une société affiliée ou une société mère aux États-Unis. Le visa L-1 est un visa à double intention qui permet de rechercher des opportunités de travail et d'études temporaires dans le pays, ainsi qu'une résidence à long terme. Sa durée de validité est de 5 à 7 ans. Bien que cette voie exige que l'individu travaille à l'étranger pendant un an, elle peut s'avérer une solution à long terme intéressante pour travailler aux États-Unis.


Visa TN pour les ressortissants canadiens et mexicains 

Le visa TN est une catégorie de visa non immigrant qui permet aux citoyens canadiens et mexicains de travailler temporairement aux États-Unis dans certaines professions libérales, conformément à l'accord États-Unis-Mexique-Canada (USMCA). Les conditions d'obtention d'un visa TN comprennent une offre d'emploi d'un employeur américain, un emploi préétabli à temps plein ou à temps partiel dans l'une des professions éligibles, un diplôme de licence ou son équivalent, ainsi qu'une preuve des qualifications professionnelles. La durée de validité d'un visa TN varie en fonction de la durée de l'offre d'emploi, mais il peut être délivré pour une durée maximale de trois ans et peut être renouvelé indéfiniment.


Entrepreneurs et investisseurs

Pour ceux qui ont l'esprit d'entreprise, les visas E-1 et E-2 sont conçus pour les personnes engagées dans le commerce international avec les États-Unis. Ces visas permettent à leur détenteur de travailler aux États-Unis tout en menant des activités commerciales importantes entre les États-Unis et leur pays d'origine. Chacun de ces visas offre des possibilités et des conditions uniques, et il est important de consulter un avocat spécialisé dans les questions d'immigration pour déterminer celui qui convient le mieux à votre situation personnelle.


Demander un permis de travail pour personne à charge

Pour les personnes mariées, les options de visa de conjoint peuvent également être une alternative possible. Le document d'autorisation de travail (EAD) H-4 permet aux conjoints éligibles de titulaires de visas H-1B d'obtenir l'autorisation de travailler aux États-Unis, à condition que le conjoint principal dispose d'un I-140 approuvé. Les visas L-2 et E-2 pour les personnes à charge sont des options pour les conjoints des détenteurs de visas L-1 et E-2 respectivement. Contrairement au visa H-4, qui exige que le conjoint principal titulaire d'un visa H-1B dispose d'un document I-140D approuvé, les conjoints titulaires des visas L-2 et E-2 sont considérés comme des personnes autorisées à travailler en vertu de leur statut et n'ont pas besoin de demander un document d'autorisation d'emploi. Ces visas de conjoint peuvent constituer une source importante de revenus et de soutien pour la famille pendant que le titulaire du visa principal s'établit aux États-Unis. 


Conclusion


Il est important que les étudiants considèrent toutes leurs options et travaillent avec un avocat expérimenté en matière d'immigration afin de déterminer la meilleure marche à suivre. Bien que le plafond H-1B puisse être un processus frustrant et difficile, il existe toujours des voies de réussite pour les étudiants étrangers. Avec une planification minutieuse et de la persévérance, les étudiants peuvent atteindre leurs objectifs et construire une carrière réussie aux États-Unis.


Ce blog n'est pas destiné à fournir des conseils juridiques et rien ici ne doit être interprété comme établissant une relation avocat-client. Veuillez prendre rendez-vous avec un avocat spécialisé en droit de l'immigration avant d'agir sur la base de toute information lue ici.

Flavia Lloyd

The Secret Weapon in Your O-1A or EB-1A Petition: A Powerful Letter of Recommendation

By Shirin Navabi • July 17, 2025
For individuals applying under the O-1A or EB-1A categories , both reserved for professionals with extraordinary ability, letters of recommendation are a critical part of the petition. These expert testimonial letters offer valuable insight into your accomplishments, reputation, and influence within your field. When written properly, they help demonstrate that you truly stand out as someone who has risen to the very top of your profession. Many petitions submitted by highly accomplished individuals fall short because the recommendation letters are vague, overly personal, or fail to clearly explain why the applicant meets the legal standard of extraordinary ability. That is why taking the time to prepare your recommenders effectively is not just helpful. It is essential to build a strong and persuasive case. First, it is important to help your recommenders understand the purpose of the letter . This is not a casual reference or character recommendation. It is a formal declaration to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services that you possess extraordinary ability in your area of expertise. The letter must describe your achievements in concrete terms and explain why your work has had a significant impact and recognition within your field. Many professionals, no matter how accomplished, are unfamiliar with the specific requirements of the O-1A and EB-1A categories. It is helpful to provide them with a short explanation of what is needed, and in some cases, a sample or outline to guide them. Selecting the right recommenders is just as critical as the content of the letters themselves. While USCIS gives greater weight to letters from independent experts, independence should not be confused with distance. The ideal recommender is someone who knows your work well and can provide specific and credible insight into your contributions, impact, and reputation in the field. A letter from someone who barely knows you, or one that focuses more on the recommender’s own accomplishments than yours, is unlikely to carry much weight with USCIS. A common mistake is submitting letters that read more like summaries of the recommender’s resume than a meaningful evaluation of your achievements. While a brief introduction of the recommender’s qualifications is important to establish credibility, the focus must remain squarely on you , your work, your innovation, and the ways in which your impact is considered extraordinary. The strongest letters go beyond general praise. They include clear and detailed examples of how your contributions have influenced others in your field or led to measurable outcomes. To make the letter as accurate and persuasive as possible, you should provide your recommenders with a summary of your most important professional milestones. This might include major awards, media coverage, patents, publications, notable leadership roles, or metrics showing the commercial or scientific success of your work. Well-prepared recommendation letters serve as both evidence and narrative. They help fulfill specific legal requirements and also tell the story of how and why your work has earned you distinction. In a category defined by terms like extraordinary ability, it is important that every part of your petition reinforces that standard. At Santos Lloyd Law Firm, we work closely with our clients and their recommenders to develop strong and compelling testimonial letters that meet USCIS expectations and highlight each applicant’s unique contributions.

Navigating Family-Based Immigration: Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

By Denice Flores • July 10, 2025
Family-based immigration remains one of the most common paths to lawful permanent residency in the United States. It offers a lifeline to families hoping to reunite across borders, but the process is far from simple. The outcome of the applications can be delayed as a result of potential missteps while preparing the applications. Here are some of the most common pitfalls and how to avoid them: Incomplete or Inaccurate Forms One frequent mistake is submitting incomplete or inaccurate information on the forms like the I-130 (Petition for Alien Relative) and the I-485 (Adjustment of Status). Even minor errors such as misspelled names, missing signatures, or incorrect dates—can result in Requests for Evidence. To avoid this misstep, double-check all entries, cross-reference documents, and consult with an attorney before submission. Remember, immigration forms are legal documents so accuracy matters. Insufficient Supporting Evidence Proving a genuine familial relationship is the basis of family-based petitions. For spousal cases, USCIS looks closely at evidence of a bona fide marriage. Little or no supporting documents and evidence may lead to Requests for Evidence and even skepticism from USCIS. To establish a bona fide marriage, include documentation to show shared finances and liabilities. Filing Under the Wrong Category or Preference There are different immigration paths depending on whether the petitioner is a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident, and whether the beneficiary is a spouse, child, sibling, or parent. Each category has different processing times and visa availability. It is critical that before applying, you understand which preference category applies to your case. Immediate relatives of U.S. citizens (spouses, parents, unmarried children under 21) generally receive faster processing and are not subject to annual visa caps. Not Disclosing Past Immigration or Criminal History Many applicants fail to account for past immigration violations such as visa overstays, unauthorized work, or prior removal orders. Similarly, if you fail to disclose past criminal history and these issues surface later in the process they can affect the outcome of the case. Disclose everything to your attorney, no matter how minor or old the issue seems. Prior violations don’t always mean denial but not disclosing them may lead to serious consequences. If you're considering filing a family-based petition, consult with an experienced immigration attorney at our office. Our office is committed to helping families navigate this complex process with clarity and confidence.

Understanding the Public Charge Rule: What Public Benefits May or May Not Impact Your Immigration Case

By Angelica Rice • July 3, 2025
When applying for a green card or seeking admission into the United States, one of the legal hurdles many applicants may face is the public charge ground of inadmissibility. This test evaluates whether someone is likely to become primarily dependent on the government for support. But what exactly does that mean—and what types of public benefits can trigger this issue? In this article, we’ll break down what “public charge” really means, who is affected, what types of public benefits are considered, and what immigrants should be mindful of when making decisions about public programs like Medi-Cal and Medicaid. What Is the Public Charge Ground of Inadmissibility? The public charge rule applies to individuals applying for a visa, green card (adjustment of status), or entry into the U.S., unless they fall into an exempt category. Under this rule, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) must determine whether the applicant is likely to become primarily dependent on the government for subsistence. This typically refers to receiving: Public cash assistance for income maintenance (such as SSI or TANF), or Long-term institutional care at government expense. This determination is based on the "totality of circumstances," including age, health, financial resources, education, skills, and whether a sponsor has submitted a valid Affidavit of Support. Who Is Exempt from the Public Charge Rule? Many categories of immigrants are exempt from the public charge ground of inadmissibility. These include: Asylees and refugees Special immigrant juveniles Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) self-petitioners T and U visa applicants Temporary Protected Status (TPS) applicants Importantly, even if someone later adjusts status through a different pathway that is subject to public charge, any benefits they received while in an exempt category will not be held against them. What Public Benefits Are Not Considered in the Public Charge Test? It is a common and harmful myth that using any public benefit will jeopardize your immigration status. In fact, most non-cash benefits do not count against you in a public charge determination. According to USCIS and DHS guidance, the following types of assistance (current as of July 1, 2025) are not considered: Health-Related Benefits Medi-Cal/Medicaid, except for long-term institutional care Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Health insurance through the ACA Marketplace, including subsidies COVID-19 testing, vaccines, and treatment Community health services, crisis counseling, and short-term shelters Food and Nutrition SNAP (Food Stamps) WIC School meal programs Food banks and emergency food assistance Housing and Energy Emergency shelter Rental assistance (e.g., McKinney-Vento programs) Energy assistance (e.g., LIHEAP) Education and Childcare Public schooling Head Start Childcare subsidies (e.g., CCDF) Educational grants and scholarships Federal Cash and Tax Benefits Earned income tax credit (EITC) Child Tax Credit (CTC) Stimulus checks Unemployment insurance Social Security and veteran’s benefits Disaster and pandemic-related cash aid In short, just because a benefit is public or government-funded doesn’t automatically make it count against you. A Word of Caution About Medi-Cal and Medicaid, in Particular As of today (07/01/2025), standard use of Medi-Cal (California’s version of Medicaid) or Medicaid for most health-related services is not considered in a public charge determination. This includes preventative care, emergency services, pregnancy-related services, and short-term care. However, if Medicaid is used for long-term institutionalization, such as in a nursing home or psychiatric facility, that does count under the public charge test. Despite current guidance, we are seeing political shifts and changes in tone from the current administration that suggest public charge policies may become more restrictive in the future. This includes renewed interest in expanding the types of public benefits that may be considered, particularly around medical assistance. For that reason, we generally recommend that individuals who are applying for adjustment of status, or who may be subject to the public charge ground in the future, avoid enrolling in Medi-Cal or Medicaid at this time, unless absolutely necessary. Final Thoughts Immigration law is complex, and the rules surrounding public charge can feel confusing or even frightening. But it’s important to understand that using most public benefits—especially for food, education, and healthcare—will not automatically jeopardize your green card or visa application. Still, because policy can change quickly, we urge individuals to consult with an immigration attorney before applying for any public assistance—especially healthcare programs like Medi-Cal or Medicaid. If you have questions or concerns about how public benefits might impact your immigration case, our office is here to help. We are committed to providing up-to-date, personalized guidance to keep your immigration journey on track. Disclaimer The information provided herein is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Every immigration case is unique, and the application of the public charge rule may vary depending on your specific situation. If you believe this topic may apply to you or you need individualized legal guidance, we encourage you to contact one of our highly-qualified legal professionals for a consultation and assistance tailored to your circumstances. Resources: USCIS Public Charge Resources ILRC Medi-Cal and Public Charge Alert (2024) California Medi-Cal Immigrant Eligibility FAQ
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