Citoyenneté américaine de droit de naissance: Le nouveau décret de Trump et ses défis juridiques

Angelica Rice • January 23, 2025

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Le 20 janvier 2025, le président Donald Trump a signé un décret intitulé « Protéger le sens et la valeur de la citoyenneté américaine », qui vise à mettre fin à la citoyenneté de naissance pour certains enfants nés aux États-Unis.  Ce décret vise spécifiquement les enfants nés de mères en situation irrégulière ou se trouvant temporairement aux États-Unis avec des visas, tels que des visas d'étudiant, de travail ou de tourisme, si le père n'est ni citoyen américain ni résident permanent légal. En vertu de cette nouvelle politique, ces enfants ne se verront plus accorder automatiquement la citoyenneté américaine. Le décret doit entrer en vigueur 30 jours après sa signature et ne s'applique qu'aux naissances survenues après cette période, ce qui signifie qu'il n'a pas d'effet rétroactif sur les enfants nés avant la date d'entrée en vigueur.

Ce décret remet en cause l'interprétation de longue date du 14e amendement de la Constitution américaine, qui garantit la citoyenneté à tous les individus nés sur le sol américain.  L'amendement stipule que « toutes les personnes nées ou naturalisées aux États-Unis et soumises à la juridiction de ce pays sont des citoyens des États-Unis et de l'État dans lequel elles résident ». Depuis plus d'un siècle, cette disposition est considérée comme accordant la citoyenneté à la plupart des personnes nées aux États-Unis, quel que soit le statut d'immigration de leurs parents.

En réponse à ce décret, des groupes de défense des droits des immigrants, dont l'Union américaine pour les libertés civiles (ACLU), ont intenté des actions en justice pour en contester la constitutionnalité. Ils affirment que le décret viole le mandat clair du 14e amendement et sape les valeurs américaines fondamentales. Les experts juridiques prévoient que cette question sera contestée devant les tribunaux et que le décret pourrait être bloqué ou annulé.


Le 23 janvier 2025, un juge fédéral de Seattle a émis un ordre de restriction temporaire (TRO), bloquant de fait l'entrée en vigueur du décret pendant les 14 prochains jours. Le tribunal a invoqué des violations potentielles de la Constitution et la nécessité d'obtenir des informations juridiques supplémentaires avant de pouvoir procéder à l'application du décret. Cette décision apporte un soulagement temporaire aux familles concernées et laisse présager une longue bataille juridique. D'autres audiences sont prévues pour déterminer si le décret sera bloqué de manière permanente ou s'il sera autorisé à être appliqué.


Les familles touchées par ce décret s'inquiètent de plus en plus des difficultés que pourraient rencontrer leurs enfants s'ils n'avaient pas la nationalité américaine. L'accès aux services essentiels, à l'éducation et à l'emploi pourrait devenir plus difficile pour les personnes concernées. Cependant, il est important de garder espoir, car le système juridique prévoit des contrôles et des contrepoids pour s'assurer que toute action de l'exécutif s'aligne sur les principes constitutionnels. Historiquement, des tentatives similaires visant à restreindre la citoyenneté de naissance ont fait l'objet de contestations juridiques importantes et n'ont pas été confirmées.

Si vous ou quelqu'un que vous connaissez risquez d'être affecté par ce décret, il est essentiel que vous restiez informé et que vous compreniez vos droits. Chez Santos Lloyd Law Firm, P.C., nos avocats de confiance spécialisés dans l'immigration sont à votre disposition pour vous guider et vous soutenir pendant cette période d'incertitude, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter si vous avez besoin d'aide.

Ce blog n'est pas destiné à fournir des conseils juridiques et rien ici ne doit être interprété comme établissant une relation avocat-client. Veuillez prendre rendez-vous avec un avocat spécialisé en droit de l'immigration avant d'agir sur la base de toute information lue ici.

Angelica Rice


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